Aura DrégarTextbook

GARAKÉMAT | TEXTBOOK
Ithkaniar é Atlasiar lo, naludrésus men
________________
Aura Drégariar ja merkoir
An introduction to Aura Drégar
________________

Sonrakjasus kalagair, sonjagremara naludrénerir! Kédra Enarmonika, nimnarikas ithkanir, danasa. Kédra kalaga naludor ona kalagair sondothra damna paisa, kalag itusesa ma, im naluneraj sonmithra danasa. Kalag ene kématur Aura Drégarar dénesus dajamu nalulemu ma, guraj ene kématir darosai!
The warmest of welcomes for you, dearest of students! I am the emperor of the Nimnari, Enarmonika. I wish you the best of luck with your studies because, even though learning is hard, you will succeed. Given that with this book you will soon acquire all knowledge about Aura Drégar, pay attention to this book carefully!

Mégaka llora nonerur sondothra ublir malamasasa.
Méganer, bera ja gurusaki ona, gil lamasasa

It’s not the mountain’s peak’s views what gives most joy to one.
The mountain getting smaller with each step does
________________

Ullasus
Warnings
________________

This textbook will rely on and make heavy usage of standard IPA notation in all its forms. For more information in the topic, here are some useful links:
* For IPA symbols:
* https://www.ipachart.com/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
* For IPA bracket notation:
* https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/3j3zkf/comment/cum293e/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
________________

Meikénar
Index

FIRES I: BARINALU É FLORA KOLOLIGA 11
Manafires 1.1: Aura Drégarar barinalur 12
Consonant inventory 12
Vowel inventory 12
Manafires 1.2: Kemerama énasus 13
Summary 13
Manafires 1.3: Barunaluka é kemerama hara énasus 14
Manafires 2.1: Flora kololiga 15
Summary 16
Manafires 2.2: Gafalusus 17
Examples: 17
Notes: 17
Manafires 2.3: Ratrusus é fenskasus 18
Examples: 18
Manafires 2.4: Estiakolosus 19
Examples: 19
Nakra kololail: 20
Exercises 21
Exercise 1 21
Exercise 2 21
________________

FIRES II: RAKJABAB É BISKUSUS 22
Manafires 3.1: Rakjasus 23
Manafires 4.1: Biskukala esoranabab 24
Manafires 4.2: Kaitosar kologurur 26
Example sentences 26
Manafires 4.3: Hidarésar kologurur 27
Example sentences 27
Manafires 4.4: Kaikar kologurur 28
Example sentences 28
Manafires 4.5: Thurmakar kologurur 29
Example sentences 29
Manafires 4.5.2: Kinar kologurur 30
Example sentences 30
Manafires 4.6: Lengénaba kologurubab 31
Example sentences 31
Manafires 4.7: Thellagilar kologurur 32
Example sentences 32
Nakra kololail: 34
Exercises 36
Exercise 1 36
Exercise 2 36
Exercise 3 36
________________

FIRES III: SAJARA MAJARAB, TONANAB É SONTONANAB 37
Manafires 5.1: Sajara majaras 38
Manafires 5.2: Sajara tonamas 40
Manafires 5.3: Sajara sontonamas 42
Nakra kololail: 44
Exercises 45
Exercise 1 45
Exercise 2 45
Exercise 3 45

FIRES IV: KENTASUS 46
Manafires 6.1: Kentasus 47
Manafires 6.2: Kentakas kologurus 49
Nakra kololail: 51
Exercises 52
Exercise 1 52
Exercise 2 52
Exercise 3 52

________________
FIRES I: BARINALU É FLORA KOLOLIGA
CHAPTER I: PHONOLOGY AND BASIC SYNTAX
________________
Manafires 1.1: Aura Drégarar barinalur
Section 1.1: Phonology of Aura Drégar
________________

As it currently stands, Aura Drégar has a phonology consisting of 18 consonants and 5 vowels (7 if you account for the irregularly stressed versions).
The basic syllable structure of Aura Drégar is almost exclusively (C)(L)V(C), L standing for liquid and including R, L, LL, J, and W (although LL is rarely if ever used in that possition). There is a single exception to that rule, which is the [sk] cluster being able to server as a syllable onset.
Consonant inventory
Consonant inventory

Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Plosive
p, b (b̥)
t, d (d̥)

k, g (ɡ̊)

Nasal
m

Tap or Flap

Trill

Fricative
ɸ ~ f, (β)
θ, (ð)
s, (z)

(ɣ)
h
Approximant

j
w

Lat. Approximant

l
ʎ

Vowel inventory
Vowel inventory

Front
Central
Back
Close
i

u (ʊ)
Open-mid
ɛ

ɔ
Open

________________

Manafires 1.2: Kemerama énasus
Section 1.2: Orthography rules
________________

Aura Drégar has a romanisation that is pretty straight forward and transcribes most of the phonemes in the phonology as the respective symbol found in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Of course, for the sake of commodity and ease of writing on digital machines, there are a few, commonly used digraphs to represent certain sounds. Examples of such include “th” for /θ/, or “ll” for /ʎ/.
There are certainly exceptions to the “one symbol in the romanisation for each phoneme the language uses” rule most of Drégar orthography uses, such as the diacritics found over e and o respectively, which serve to show the different accent pattern as opposed to the vast majority of Drégar words and the changing of two main digraphs for different positions in a word such as with /au/ becoming “ay” when found at the start of words and “au” anywhere else (except word-finally, when it becomes “aw”. Same happens with /ai/, which becomes “aj” word-finally, except in the word Ai because yes).
In the earlier rendition of this tongue called Drägar, the letter ä was used instead of é, despite the fact that they are both used for the exact same scenario. This older spelling is still used in formal contexts, and can also be used optionally in specially archaic or elemental words like Drä or Ä.
To match that duality in orthography, despite Drägar lacking an irregularly stressed /o/ sound, an alternative spelling was created for it, in the form of å.
Summary
So, to summarise what we’ve learned in this chapter:
* é and ó show that the tense is on the syllable that contains said letter.
* /kw/ becomes in all environments
* /au/ becomes word initially and anywhere else.
* Drägar had ä instead of é, and thus å was created as a pair for ó. Both ä and å are the equivalent of é and ó respectively, just used in formal contexts.
________________
Manafires 1.3: Barunaluka é kemerama hara énasus
Section 1.3: Phonetic and orthographic exceptions
________________

1. Stress goes on the third to last syllable, except if there is a vowel with a diacritic, which doesn’t change the pronunciation of that vowel, but rather moves the stress onto that syllable.
2. R is pronounced /r/ when starting a word or before consonants, and /ɾ/ when before any vowel. Consider [‘rɐ.kjɐ] and [‘mɐr.tɔs] for Rakja and Martos, as well as [ɛθɾɛɐ] for Ethrea
3. S is voiced intervocalically or before nasals (unless it’s followed by a pause or a consonant). This change can be optionally marked in spelling using <ç> or instead of
4. Voiced plosives are reduced (turned into voiced fricatives) intervocalically, or word-initially before a vowel. /b/ and /g/ are also reduced before l. /d/ and /g/ are also reduced before /ɾ/. Voiced plosive clusters (as rare as they are) are also reduced. Reduced plosives can optionally be marked in spelling using instead of .
5. U is reduced to /ʊ/ when adjacent to /i/ (or adjacent to a labial consonant adjacent to /i/)
6. All vowels located after a pause are aspirated. This includes any segment after a comma, as well as beginnings of sentences. It can also be used to emphasise a certain word

________________
Manafires 2.1: Flora kololiga
Section 2.1: Basic syntax
________________

The common word order in polite sentences, which will be defined as sentences intended to be received by a person of higher standing and may be referred to as “formal sentences” in later pages of this digital textbook, is OSV, this being influenced by an earlier version called Drägar. However, in casual sentences the most commonly used word order, although not mandatory to use, as defined by the creator of the language, is SOV.
This does change in certain contexts depending on the grammatical mood of the verb in the respective sentence or if the sentence is interrogative. Examples of such include:
* Polite sentence
* Ajes aj maj dajusa. [Here away you walk]
“You walk away”
* Morir ithkanérir kelemu [Peace emperor will bring (near future)]
“The emperor will soon bring peace”
* Casual sentence
* Maj ajes aj dajusa. [You here away walk]
“You walk away”
* Doloser uthar nosa. [Kid moon sees]
“The kid sees the moon”
* Imperative sentence
* Dajusa maj ajes ai! [Walk you here away]
“Walk away from here!”
* Maisé son nomadaj éke fulgor! [Send you to the woman a card]
“Send a card to the woman!”
* Interrogative sentence
* Maj dajusa ajes ai? [You walk here away]
“Did you walk away?
* Maj thekroja jeluka lan? [You threw of snow ball?]
“Did you throw the snowball?”
________________
Summary
So, to summarise what we’ve learned in this chapter:
* In casual sentences, there is no word order.
* In formal sentences, the word order is OSV.
* In imperative sentences, i.e. sentences that describe an order, the word order is VSO.
* In interrogative sentences, i.e. sentences that describe a question, the word order is SVO.
________________
Manafires 2.2: Gafalusus
Section 2.2: Articles
________________

Articles in Aura Drégar always go before the noun they modify, much like in English. Both the definite and the indefinite article agree with the following word in tense
Examples:
Ener ondinaner [NOM.DEF.sg belief.NOM.sg] “The belief”
Neru ondinaneru [NOM.DEF.col belief.NOM.col] “All the beliefs”
Definite article

Indefinite article

Case
Singular
Paucal
Plural

Case
Singular
Paucal
Plural
Nominative
Ener
Nera
Enerai

Nominative
Ék(e)
Ékar
Ékair
Accusative
-

Accusative
Genitive
Ena
Naba
Enalai

Genitive
Ék(a)
Éka
Ékai
Dative / Benefactive
Nai
Naiba
Nailai

Dative / Benefactive
Ék(ai)
Ékwa
Ékwai
Causal / Final
Nen

Causal / Final
Stative Locative
No
Noba
Nolai

Stative Locative
Ék(o)
Dynamic Locative
Nia
Nialai

Dynamic Locative
Instrumental
Nu
Nuba
Nulai

Instrumental
Ék(u)
Notes:
*Definite articles can be dropped in the nominative.
**Articles aren’t used with countable nouns unless they’re referred to as an abstract entity, like “the water” or “the sand”.
________________

Manafires 2.3: Ratrusus é fenskasus
Section 2.3: Adjectives and adverbs
________________

Adjectives in Aura Drégar go before the nouns they modify and do not inflect for case nor number, again, much like in English. Adverbs for the most part work the exact same, except in imperative sentences, where they follow the verb they modify instead of preceding it.
All adjectives can be turned into adverbs by simply adding a final -i to the characteristic -ra verb ending, resulting in adverbs ending in -rai. Note that there are a few exceptions to that rule, in the form of -raj adverbs without an adjective counterpart. Take for example the adjective garaj, meaning still (as in, still doing something), as there is no counterpart in the form of an adjective gara.
Finally, note that all adjectives can be pronominalised (used as a substitute for an aforementioned word) without any kind of derivation. In this state, the pronominalised adjectives (which aren’t adjectives anymore at this point) CAN inflect for case and number. However, they will NOT work as adjectives, which means, they will not be modifying any noun around them.
Examples:
Plura imos - Blue sea
Plura imosaba - (A few) Blue seas
Dami iben silasa - He always has fun
Silasé iben mai! - Always have fun! (imperative)
Sukédras plurabab ritabisa - (The blue ones rule over us)
________________
Manafires 2.4: Estiakolosus
Section 2.4: Particles and Postpositions
________________

Particles and postpositions, unlike adjectives and adverbs, go without exception after the word or clause they modify. Furthermore, to further add to the length of this section, I, the author of this textbook, by advice of my partner Atlas, must tell you that these postpositions and particles are all regular, without any exceptions.
Having stated the overwhelming levels of regularity that both particles and postpositions feature in Aura Drégar, allow me to reinstate one final time how simple and regular they are. They are regular.
Examples:
Aura Drégariar na, ékk nakra rakja éd ékk enasmika rakja danasa.
* In Aura Drégar, there’s one main greeting and one informal greeting.

Bek maile astador na urnajasa me nosaki itusesa.
* I can see through the scars inside you.

________________

Nakra kololail:
Important vocabulary:
________________

Dajusa - iv. To walk, To travel, To go
Ajes - adv. Here
Plura - adj. Blue
Iben - adj. Always
Dami - pron. 3rd person masculine singular standard pronoun
Na - pstp. Spatial locative particle (roughly corresponds with English “in” however does not work for time)
Ékk - adv. One
Ai - pstp. Away, Away from
Nakra - adj. Main, Prevalent, Important
Rakja - n. Greeting, intj. Formal greeting
Éd - conj. And (alternate form of É)
Énasmi - n. Trust
Danasa - iv. To exist, to be
Aura - adj. New
Ondina - n. Belief
Dolos - n. Child, Infant, Young boy/girl, Kid
Utha - n. Moon
Nosa - tv. To see
Mori - n. Peace
Ithkan - n. Emperor, Supreme ruler, King
Kesa - tv. To bring, To carry
Maisa - tv. To send
Noma - n. Woman
Fulgo - n. Letter, Message, Postcard
Thekrosa - tv. To throw, To launch, To ditch, To drop
Jelu - n. Snow
Lan - n. Ball, Sphere
Bek - pron. 1st person masculine singular standard pronoun
Tabisa - tv. To rule, To rule over, To govern
Sukédra - pron. 1st person neuter collective honourific pronoun
Cwan - n. Duck
Tagresa - iv. To rest, To sleep, To lie down, To sit (intending to rest)

________________

Exercises
________________

Exercise 1
Correct all spelling / morphology errors in the following words and sentences. Translate all items afterwards.
- Pluraba uthavab
- Nakrasu kwanusu
- Morikar aurón
- Éke nomalai
- Bek na imoso danasa

Exercise 2
Spell out / write all the optional spelling distinctions for these words
* Galbadia
* Aisalabasa
* Tagresa
* Agdajos
* Kendaisa

________________

FIRES II: RAKJABAB É BISKUSUS
CHAPTER II: GREETINGS AND NOUNS
________________
Manafires 3.1: Rakjasus
Section 3.1: Greetings
________________

In Aura Drégar there’s one main greeting and one informal greeting. These are “Rakja” and “Daj”.
* “Daj” is usually used with friends, as in “Daj, naludrér!” (meaning “Hey, student!). Daj needs its addressee to be in the accusative case, as it is also used as the “neutral” case, when a certain syntagma / word is not fulfilling a concrete role within a sentence (in this case, the addressee is fulfilling a vocative role, but as this language lacks a vocative case, the accusative is used instead).
* “Rakja” is usually used in other contexts, as in “Rakja, Neurodaila é Kalopsadaila!” (meaning “Welcome, ladies and gentlemen!”). Rakja needs its addressee to be in the dative case. This is because rakja was originally a noun, meaning greeting or welcome, thus the literal meaning of a sentece using rakja is something like “Greetings to someone”.
________________
Manafires 4.1: Biskukala esoranabab
Section 4.1: Grammatical numbers
________________

Aura Drégar has a multitude of cases, which also inflect for any of a noun’s given number, which can be singular, paucal, plural, and collective. It also inflects for the formality speech, which is to say that the casual and highlighted case endings are both here, as the formal just includes an additional consonant sound at the end.
Foremost, let’s clarify what each of those numbers mean:
* Singular:
There’s a single thing.
Ebaw / Ebaur (Forest)
Bek ebaw nomaja (I saw a/the forest)
* Paucal:
There are few things (completely subjective and guided purely by common sense).
Ebaub / Ebauba / Ebaubab (A few forests)
* Plural:
There are either a lot of things or an undetermined (more than 1) number of things.
Ebaul / Ebaulaj / Ebaulail (Forests / Many forests)
* Collective:
The speaker is referring to all instances of a same thing (all birds, all people, etc…).
Ebaus / Ebausu / Ebausus (All forests)
________________

Note that all the grammatical number terminations shown here belong to the default accusative case to more clearly illustrate the endings. How the mix between number and case works will be shown later.
VOWEL ENDING

Casual
Standard
Highlighted
Singular
Rakja
Rakjar
Paucal
Rakja
Rakjaba
Rakjabar
Plural
Rakjalai
Rakjalai
Rakjalair
Collective
Rakjasu
Rakjasu
Rakjasur

CONSONANT ENDING

Casual
Standard
Highlighted
Singular
Ithkan
Ithkanir
Paucal
Ithkan
Ithkana
Ithkanar
Plural
Ithkanai
Ithkanai
Ithkanair
Collective
Ithkanu
Ithkanusu
Ithkanusur
________________

Manafires 4.2: Kaitosar kologurur
Section 4.2: Nominative case
________________

The nominative case is the one used to denote the subject of a sentence, regardless of transitivity (which means, both the subject of an intransitive verb and the agent of a transitive verb get this case marking). The table corresponding to the nominative case endings is the following one:

NOMINATIVE CASE
Case
Casual
Standard
Highlighted
Singular
-(n)é
-(n)érir
Paucal
-(n)éba
-(n)éra
-(n)érar
Plural
-(n)élai
-(n)érai
-(n)érair
Collective
-(n)ésu
-(n)éru
-(n)érur

* Note that, for words that already have “é” within them, all the affixes in the nominative case change their own “é” into a normal “e”.

Example sentences
* Naludréner mewasa
The student runs
* Ithkainir imasa
The emperor stands
________________

Manafires 4.3: Hidarésar kologurur
Section 4.3: Accusative case
________________

The accusative case is the one used to denote the direct object of a sentence. However, in Aura Drégar, it is also used to mark elements of a sentence that aren’t fulfilling any concrete role in a sentence, or the main element in a sentence without verb (like in the title of every section of this textbook). The table corresponding to the accusative case endings is the following one:

ACCUSSATIVE CASE

Casual
Standard
Highlighted
Singular
-
-(i)r
Paucal
-
-(a)ba
-(a)bar
Plural
-(ai)l
-(i)lai
-(i)lair
Collective
-(u)s
-(u)su
-(u)sur

*Note that the casual endings for this case depend on whether the noun they’re attached to ends in a vowel or in a consonant. If the first is true, then the consonant part of each ending (b, l, s) is the only one used. Elsewise, only the vowel part is used (a, i, u).

Example sentences
* Isaudréner fékto thellasa
The lumberjack makes a table
* Faja léjo nosa
He sees a bird
________________

Manafires 4.4: Kaikar kologurur
Section 4.4: Genitive case
________________

The genitive case is the one used to denote a possessive relation within a sentence or, in other words, whoever possesses something within a sentence. The table corresponding to the genitive case endings is the following one:

GENITIVE CASE

Casual
Standard
Highlighted
Singular
-(k)a
-(k)ar
Paucal
-(k)a
-(k)ab
-(k)aba
Plural
-(k)al
-(k)ala
Collective
-(k)as
-(k)asa

Example sentences
* Doloséra ultrosa silbapaw silasa
The kids enjoy bellic theatre
* Dajadréner ebauka daju dajusa
The fisherman walks the path of the woods

________________

Manafires 4.5: Thurmakar kologurur
Section 4.5: Dative/Benefactive case
________________

The dative/benefactive case (more commonly called simply dative) is the one used to denote the indirect object of a sentence or role commonly described as “to whom” or “for whom” an action is performed. The table corresponding to the dative/benefactive case endings is the following one:

DATIVE/BENEFACTIVE CASE

Casual
Neutral
Highlighted
Singular
-(d)ai
-(d)air
Paucal
-(d)ai
-(d)aib
-(d)aiba
Plural
-(d)ail
-(d)aila
Collective
-(d)ais
-(d)aisa

* Note that, as stated in the respective dictionary entrances, there are some verbs that mark their main argument with the dative case. Examples are the verb rakjasa, “to salute / to greet”.
*Also note that comitative constructions, which is to say, “with someone”, are also built with the dative case

Example sentences
* Dajodréner nai kapadaj aura kololaj dajosa
The teacher shows the girl some new words
* Noma nai daladrédair kolosa
She speaks to the parliamentary
________________

Manafires 4.5.2: Kinar kologurur
Section 4.5.2: Causal/Final case
________________

The causal/final case is a subset of the dative/benefactive case, meant to remark the benefactive aspect of the dative case, this meaning that this case marks “for who” an action is performed, rather than “to whom”. This case is usually treated as of secondary category, and it has thus fallen out of use in the few irregular declension patterns that this language features. The table corresponding to the dative/benefactive case endings is the following one:

DATIVE/BENEFACTIVE CASE

Casual
Neutral
Highlighted
Singular
-(m)en
-(m)enir
Paucal
-(m)ena
-(m)enar
Plural
-(m)enai
-(m)enair
Collective
-(m)enu
-(m)enur

Example sentences
* Bekes hokamen jograj nalusa
I study hard for (my) mother
* Sonpera ithkanir linusor ona matabisa, fér linusenir tabisa
The best of emperors won’t rule for eternity, but instead for eternity

________________

Manafires 4.6: Lengénaba kologurubab
Section 4.6: Locative cases
________________

Aura Drégar features not one but two locative cases, called the stative and the dynamic locative cases. Each one is derived from an older Drägar particle.
* The stative locative is used whenever the author expresses a still location, as opposed to a movement, whether in time or in space. It is also used in timeframes, alongside the particle ona. Note that when using this case, in any case in which the particle do should be used, it is now omitted, as this case’s endings derive from it.
* The dynamic locative is used whenever the author expresses movement or an otherwise changing location. Note that when using this case, in any case in which the particle ja should be used, it is now omitted, as this case’s endings derive from it
The table corresponding to both the stative and the dynamic locative case endings is the following one:

STATIVE LOCATIVE CASE

Casual
Neutral
Highlighted

Casual
Neutral
Highlighted
Singular
-(d)o
-(d)or

Singular
-ja / -ia
-jar / iar
Paucal
-(d)o
-(d)ob
-(d)obo

Paucal
-ja / -ia
-jab / -iab
-jaba / -iaba
Plural
-(d)ol
-(d)olo

Plural
-jal / -ial
-jala / -iala
Collective
-(d)os
-(d)oso

Collective
-jas / -ias
-jasa / -iasa

Example sentences
* Parbasa maj ene huniro na?
Were you born in this village?
* Mikura neléra no galbadiado norjasa
Beautiful roses grow in the garden
* Na dajaka denasér nia imosia dajusa
The water in the river goes to the sea
* Gema nia mégaka bajaja lama maisa
We send a gift to the house in the mountain
________________
Manafires 4.7: Thellagilar kologurur
Section 4.7: Instrumental case
________________

The instrumental case is the one used to denote the element with which the action is performed. The table corresponding to the instrumental case endings is the following one:

GENITIVE CASE

Casual
Neutral
Highlighted
Singular
-(n)u
-(n)ur
Paucal
-(n)u
-(n)ub
-(n)ubu
Plural
-(n)ul
-(n)ulu
Collective
-(n)us
-(n)usu

Example sentences
* Balamanér artésa bil éku sonhobenu imasa
The old man stands by the wall with a walking stick
* Kapanéraj nu éolisul kéramoria dajusa
The girls go to the graveyard with flowers
________________

Lastly, there is a special subset of declensions for a very special word: Nimnari. The declension system has been simplified (simulating simplification / erosion over time) and most endings are used in multiple scenarios, as opposed to the regular declension system.

GRAMMATICAL CASES (special case for Nimnari)
Case
Singular
Paucal
Plural
Collective
Nominative
Nimnari
Nimnarisir
Accusative
Genitive
Nimnarikar
Nimnarika
Nimnarikal
Nimnarikas
Dative / Benefactive
Nimnaridair
Nimnaridai
Nimnaridais
Causal / Final
Stative Locative
Nimnarido
Nimnaria
Dynamic Locative
Nimnaria
Instrumental
Nimnarinu

*On this topic, there also is a single other exception, which involves the goddess of humanity’s name, Nimnaria. Precisely, the dynamic locative case, as opposed to the regular formation Nimnariaja, the irregular form Nimnaria is used. An alternative spelling, Nimnarja, can be used to avoid confusion.
*Proper names do not inflect for nominative, they instead use the base accusative form.
________________

Nakra kololail:
Important vocabulary:
________________

Daj - intj. Informal greeting
Naludré - n. Student
Neuro - n. Man (honorific)
Kalopsa - n. Woman (honorific)
Ebaw - n. Forest
Mewasa - iv. To run, To move fast
Imasa - iv. To stand, To wait
Isaudré - n. Lumberjack, Woodcutter, Woodsman
Fékto - n. Table, Desk, Workbench
Faja - pron. 4th person masculine singular standard pronoun
Lejo - n. Bird
Thellasa - dv. To make, To produce, To create, To manufacture
Ultros - n. War, Military conflict, Specially remarkable battle or assault
Silbapaw - n. Theatre, Dramatic arts, Scenic arts
Silasa - tv. To play, To be entertained with, To enjoy, To have fun
Dajadré - n. Fisherman
Daju - n. Path
Dajodré - n.eacher, Professor, Monitor, Instructor
Kapa - n. Girl
Kolo - n. Speech, Word, Oral expression
Noma - pron. 4th person feminine singular standard pronoun
Daladré - n. Parliamentary, Senator, Deputy, Representative
Bekes - pron. 1st person masculine singular standard pronoun
Hoka - n. Mother, Mom
Jogra - adj. Unresting, Hard-working
Nalusa - tv. To learn, To study
Pera - adj. Best
Linus - n. Eternity
Ona - pstp. While, During, For
Fér - conj. But, However
Parbasa - iv. To be born
Maj - pron. 2nd person masculine singular standard pronoun
Ene - det. This, These
Hunir - n. City, Town, Settlement, Village
Mikura - adj. Beautiful, Charming
Nél - n. Rose
Galbadia - n. Park, Garden
Norjasa - iv. To grow
Daja - n. River
Denas - n. Water
Imos - n. Sea, Ocean
Gema - pron. 1st person neuter plural standard pronoun
Méga - n. Mountain, Hill
Baja - n. House, Residence
Lama - n. Present, Gift
Balama - n. Old person, Elder
Artés - n. Wall, Barrier, Dam, Dyke, Specially sturdy fence
Bil - adv. Near, Next to, By
Sonhobe - n. Walking stick
Éolis - n. Flower
Kéramor - n. Cemetery, Graveyard
Nimnari - n. Citizen of Nimnaria, Demonym of Nimnaria, A person who speaks any form of Drégar and identifies itself as part of a greater Drégar-speaking society.
Nimnaria - pn. Goddess of humanity, Patron goddess of the Nimnari empire
Nomosa - tv. To plant, To take care of vegetals
________________

Exercises
________________

Exercise 1
Say in which case and number these words are, as well as whether if they are in standard or highlighted form. Then translate them (according to case and number)
* Balamajar
* Ithkanaba
* Hunirenir
* Linusai
* Ultros

Exercise 2
Translate the following sentences
* Dolosérab no ebaudo na mewasa
* Nimnaria naj ithkanair kolosa
* Dajanéraj denasa dajulaj danasa
* Noma denasu nélaj nomosa
* No mégaka huniro na, jogra kapanér ultrosaj nalusa

Exercise 3
Translate the following sentences
* He (4th person) goes to the mountain
* You (masc) gift flowers to the graveyard
* A mother greets the girl at home
* He (3rd person) runs with this walking stick
* I send a letter to the lumberjack in the river
________________
FIRES III: SAJARA MAJARAB, TONANAB É SONTONANAB
CHAPTER III: VERB TENSES, ASPECTS, AND MOODS
________________
Manafires 5.1: Sajara majaras
Section 5.1: Verb tenses
________________

Verbs in Aura Drégar have a total of 8 different tenses. Precisely, past and future divide themselves into recent, intermediate and far tenses. Then there’s the present tense (the standard one, used in the dictionary), and finally the gnomic form. Here’s a brief explanation of what does each of them mark:
* Present tense:
The action is happening while the speaker is speaking.
* Near past tense:
The action has happened recently, although it has already ended
* Intermediate / unknown past tense:
The action has happened either a considerable amount of time ago, or at some unknown point in the past.
* Far past tense:
The action happened a long time ago.
* Near future tense:
The action will happen soon.
* Intermediate / unknown future tense:
The action will happen either in a considerable amount of time, or at some unknown point in the future.
* Far future tense:
The action will happen a long time from now.
* Gnomic tense:
The action is atemporal, not restricted to time. The action is always performed.
________________

All tenses in Aura Drégar are encoded via suffixation to the verb stem. Depicted here is the table with all the verb tense suffixes.

Aura Drégar tenses
Tense
Ending
Example
Far past
-soja
Morasoja
Intermediate / Unknown past
-ja
Moraja
Near past
-maja
Moramaja
Present
-sa
Morasa
Gnomic
-sasa
Morasasa
Near future
-lemu
Moralemu
Intermediate / Unknown future
-mu
Moramu
Far future
-somu
Morasomu
________________

Manafires 5.2: Sajara tonamas
Section 5.2: Verb aspects
________________

As opposed to the old Drägar language, Aura Drégar verbs are much simpler in terms of verb aspects. Precisely, Aura Drégar verbs feature only 5 distinct aspects: Progressive/Habitual, Intensive, Inceptive, Cessative, and Continuative. Here’s a brief explanation of what does each of them mark:
* Progressive/Habitual:
This aspect is actually two combined aspects. Basically, this aspect can encode both a progressive meaning, and a habitual one. (In English, this distinction is marked by using continuous tenses to encode a progressive meaning, and simple tenses to encode a habitual meaning. Consider “I am eating” vs “I know French”)
* Intensive:
This aspect makes the verb more significant semantically, exaggerating or enlarging its meaning. This aspect is also used to simply highlight a certain verb, or as a way to show humility when speaking.
* Inceptive:
This aspect marks that the action depicted by the verb has just started happening.
* Cessative:
This aspect marks that the action depicted by the verb has just finished happening.
* Continuative:
This aspect marks that the action depicted by the verb is still ongoing. This is sometimes considered a subset of the progressive/habitual aspect, both because of its meaning and because of its formation pattern as well.
________________

All aspects in Aura Drégar are encoded either via prefixation to the verb stem, by reduplication of the first verb stem syllable, or via a combination of the two. Depicted here is the table with all the verb aspect formation patterns:

Verb aspects
Name
Formation pattern
Vowel contact
Consonant contact
Same consonant contact
Progressive / habitual
Reduplication of first stem syllable
Ubublisa
Dadajusa
Intensive
Son-
Sonojakesa
Sondajusa
Sonemasa
Inceptive
Ar-
Arenasmisa
Arlamasa
Arakjasa
Cessative
Ra- / Rag-
Ragimasa
Rakondasa
Ragojasa
Continuative
Son- + reduplication of first stem syllable
Soninimasa
Songagamasa

________________

Manafires 5.3: Sajara sontonamas
Section 5.3: Verb moods
________________

Contrary to verb aspects, verb moods are abundant in Aura Drégar verbs. Most of them come either via infixation, suffixation, or apophony (vowel alternation). Here is a brief explanation of what does each mood mark:
* Indicative mood:
This is the default mood. Marks statements that are a fact in the moment of the speaker speaking. It doesn’t incur in any additional marking, for it is the default form of the verb.
* Subjunctive mood:
This is the other default mood. It marks statements that are not a fact in the moment of the speaker speaking, nor will certainly happen in the future. This mood is marked via apophony following the patterns depicted in the chart below.
* Abilitive mood:
This mood marks the ability of the subject to perform the action described by the verb. Similar to English’s can or to be able. This mood, like the subjunctive mood, is also marked via apophony following the patterns depicted in the chart below.
* Necessitative mood:
This mood marks the necessity or need from the subject for the action to either happen or for it to be performed. This mood is marked via adding the infix -(h)en- between the verb stem and the -sa suffix.
* Optative mood:
This mood marks that the subject is desiring or hopes for the action to happen or for it to be performed in a more vague sense, not necessarily implicating in it. This mood is marked via adding the suffix -gi to the verb.
* Propositive mood:
This mood marks that the subject is desiring or hopes for the action to happen or for it to be performed and is actively encouraging so, similar to the English formation let’s. When this mood is used, the subject is rarely explicitly written in the text, but rather assumed to be “we / us” unless stated otherwise. This mood is marked via adding the suffix -bo- to the verb.
* Desiderative mood:
This mood marks that the subject directly wants to perform the action. This mood is marked via adding the suffix -paj to the verb.
Having explained what each mood marks, here is the table with all the verb mood formation patterns:

Affixed verb moods
Name
Formation pattern
Consonant contact
Vowel contact
Debitive / Necessitative mood
-(h)en-
Ramahensa
Ojakensa
Optative mood
-gi
Gamasagi
Propositive mood
-bo
Enasmisabo
Desiderative mood
-pai
Ménasapai

Apophony-based moods
Feature
-i
-u
-e
-o
-a
-C
Indicative mood
Kunisa
Gurusa
Lesa
Arkosa
Albasa
Llaithargesa
Subjunctive mood
Kunesa
Gurosa
Lasa
Arkausa
Albesa
Llaithargasa
Abilitive mood
Kunaisa
Gurésa
Lausa
Arkesa
Albaésa
Llaithargisa

Nakra kololail:
Important vocabulary:
________________

Morasa - iv. To spin, To rotate, To orbit
Ojakesa - tv. To lose, To succumb, To perish
Enasmisa - tv. (w/dat) To trust (to be used exclusively with people)
Lamasa - dv. To give
Kondasa - tv. To deserve, To be worthy of
Nemasa - tv. To mean, To signify
Gojasa - tv. To exit
Gamasa - iv. To live
Ferosa - iv. To come, To return
Ususa - dv. To negotiate, To trade, To barter, To exchange
Kesa - dv. To bring, To carry
Ramasa - tv. To stop, To halt, To pause
Ménasa - tv. To raise a person, To take care of someone for a very long time
Dedenasa - iv. To rain
De - n. Sky, Troposphere, Stratosphere
Gabek - pron. 1st person feminine singular standard pronoun
Aldena - n. Friend, Friendship
Aiké - n. Home, One’s place of residence, One’s close family

Exercises
________________

Exercise 1
Say in which tense, aspect, and mood these verbs are. Then translate them (to the best of English’s abilities).
* Maisoja
* Arkahensa
* Ratabimu
* Gojajapai
* Soninimamaja

Exercise 2
Translate the following sentences
* No mégaka huniro na denér sondededenasa.
* Gabek naj dolosaj lama lamajapai.
* Parbamaja maj ene huniro na?
* I moro na mikura éoliseraj nonorjasa.
* Dami naj kapalaj arkoloja.

Exercise 3
Translate the following sentences
* I (feminine) trust this man
* I (masculine) still deserve eternity
* You (masculine) need to trade this walking stick
* He was still able to walk
* Let’s live and return home, friend
________________

FIRES IV: KENTASUS
CHAPTER IV: PRONOUNS
________________
Manafires 6.1: Kentasus
Section 6.1: Pronouns
________________

Pronouns in Aura Drégar are divided into 4 genders, (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter, and Inanimate) and 4 persons, as well as 2 levels of formality (Standard and Highlighted).
The masculine and feminine genders are only applied with clearly defined sex, namely living (gendered) beings, such as humans or animals. The neuter pronouns are used with those same entities, but for individuals whose sex is either unknown or not masculine nor feminine. Finally, the inanimate pronouns are applied in any other instance.
The first, second, and third-person pronouns are the ones you all might be familiar with in English:
* First person refers to yourself. In English, we have I and We.
* Second person refers to the one you’re speaking to. In English, we have You (and Thou as well as Ye in archaic registers).
* The third person refers to someone or something which you aren’t directly addressing to, like English He, She, It, and They.
* The fourth-person pronouns are used whenever a third-person one would be used, but the addressee is not present at the moment of the conversation. Fourth-person pronouns include a fifth “gender”, the literary gender, only used when referencing a prior part in a sentence or paragraph which would’ve used the inanimate gender.
Lastly, where cases feature a casual, a standard, and a highlighted ending, pronouns have only two forms, the standard and the highlighted one, each completely etymologically unrelated to its counterpart.
________________
That said, here’s the pronoun table. Note that the neuter gender is actually the base for the masculine and feminine pronouns in the first person, for in Drägar there were no gendered first-person pronouns.
Note also that for the second and third persons, again due to the lack of pronouns in Drägar, the plural forms of the masculine and feminine pronouns are unchanged, as happens with all the other pronouns.
Also, due to the lack of 4th person pronouns in Drägar, nouns are used as pronouns. Their pronoun form is indistinguishable from their noun form besides from context, and the fact that they, as pronouns, inflect for case in a slightly different manner. More on the next section:

Personal pronouns
Person and gender
Singular
Paucal
Plural
Collective
STD
HIGHL.
STD
HIGHL.
STD
HIGHL.
STD
HIGHL.
1st
Masc
Bekes
Kédras
Bemas
Bakéfras
Gemas
Kéfras
Semas
Sukéfras
Fem
Gabek
Gakédra
Bagema
Gabakéfra
Gagema
Gakéfra
Sagema
Gasukéfra
Neut
Bek
Kédra
Bema
Bakéfra
Gema
Kéfra
Sema
Sukéfra
Inan
Abek
Akédra
Abema
Abéfra
Agema
Aléfra
Asema
Aséfra
2nd
Masc
Mai
Kanmu
Bai
Banmu
Lai
Kanmu
Sai
Sanmu
Fem
Son
Kolos
Bon
Bolos
Lon
Kolos
Suson
Solos
Neut
Lem
Kalag
Boma
Bondu
Loma
Kondu
Soma
Sondu
Inan
Sondur
Sonkéthno
Sondura
Sonkéthnoba
Sondurai
Sonkéthnolai
Sonduru
Sonkéthnos
3rd
Masc
Dami
Kurja
Bami
Burja
Lami
Kurja
Sami
Surja
Fem
Mina
Kroba
Minaba
Broba
Minalai
Kroba
Minas
Sukroba
Neut
Nerjo
Kella
Feraba
Bigra
Fera
Kigra
Feras
Sigra
Inan
Dur
Kéthno
Bur
Béthno
Lur
Kéthno
Sur
Séthno
4th
Masc
Faja
Neuro
Fajaba
Neuroba
Fajal
Neurol
Fajas
Neuros
Fem
Noma
Kalopsa
Nomaba
Kalopsaba
Nomai
Kalopsal
Nomas
Kalopsas
Neut
Dré
Nimnari
Dréba
Nimnariba
Drél
Nimnaril
Drés
Nimnaris
Inan
Gil
Songil
Gila
Songila
Gilai
Songilai
Gilu
Songilu
Literary
Agil
Sonagil
Agila
Sonagila
Agilai
Sonagilai
Agilu
Sonagilu
Manafires 6.2: Kentakas kologurus
Section 6.2: Pronoun declensions
________________

Pronouns in Aura Drégar do inflect for case and number. However, as seen earlier with the words nimnari and Nimnaria, pronouns do inflect following an irregular pattern too. Said patterns are detailed in the charts below.
Note that there are two types of pronouns. Those with an associated plural form, and those without. The ones who have a plural form will use it for the paucal and collective numbers as well, if slightly modified. Those modified forms, however, apply only for the nominative and accusative cases (they also don’t apply to 4th person pronouns, nor those beginning with -son), in all other cases the plural unmodified form is used.

Personal pronoun (w/plural form) declension chart
Case
Singular
Paucal
Plural
Collective
Nominative
-
Change the first consonant to B
-
Change the first consonant to S
Accusative
Genitive
-(k)a
-(k)as
Dative / Benefactive
-(d)ai
-(d)ai
-(d)ais
Causal / Final
-(m)en
Stative Locative
-(d)o
-(d)ob
-(d)o
-(d)os
Dynamic Locative
-ja / -ia
-ja / -ia
Instrumental
-(n)u
-(n)uk
-(n)u
-(n)us

Personal pronoun (wo/plural form) declension chart
Case
Singular
Paucal
Plural
Collective
Nominative
-
Change the first consonant to B
Change the first consonant to L
Change the first consonant to S
Accusative
Genitive
-(k)a
-(k)al
-(k)as
Dative / Benefactive
-(d)ai
-(d)ail
-(d)ais
Causal / Final
-(m)en
Stative Locative
-(d)o
-(d)o
-(d)o
-(d)o
Dynamic Locative
-ja / -ia
-ja / -ia
Instrumental
-(n)u

Also note that there are some irregular declension patterns, more precisely for the pronouns maj and son:

Maj ending personal pronoun declension chart
Case
Singular
Paucal
Plural
Collective
Nominative
Mai
Bai
Lai
Sai
Accusative
Genitive
Ma
Laima
Suma
Dative / Benefactive
Majai
Lajai
Sumai
Causal / Final
Majen
Stative Locative
Majo
Bajo
Lajo
Sajo
Dynamic Locative
Maja
Laja
Instrumental
Maju
Baju
Laju
Saju

Son personal pronoun declension chart
Case
Singular
Paucal
Plural
Collective
Nominative
Son
Bon
Lon
Suson
Accusative
Genitive
Sona
Sonal
Sonas
Dative / Benefactive
Sonai
Sonail
Sonais
Causal / Final
Sonen
Stative Locative
Sono
Bondo
Londo
Sonos
Dynamic Locative
Sonia
Londia
Instrumental
Sonu
Bonu
Lonu
Sonus
Nakra kololail:
Important vocabulary:
________________

Argohur - n. Birth, Moment of birth
Jamisa - tv. To remember, To look back in time
Étira - adj. Chaotic, Disordered, Cruel, Bad, Immoral
Tihwa - n. Ghost, Spirit, Spectre, Phantom, Wandering soul, Phantasm, Bodiless voice
Manasusa - dv. To buy, To purchase

________________

Exercises
________________

Exercise 1
Say in which case and number these pronouns are, as well as whether if they are in standard or highlighted form. Then translate them (according to case and number)
* Bekes
* Kéfraja
* Drésas
* Ma
* Sonkéthnobadail

Exercise 2
Translate the following sentences
* Kanmuka argohuré jamimihensa.
* Dajusé maj nomadaj pi nia galbadiaja!
* Sonétira tihwanélaj lemo na imasa, tagrera…
* Son manasumaja gabeken ene lama?
* Lijra faja emuraj mimabo!

Exercise 3
Translate the following sentences. Annotations will be given to further specify the pronoun requested. Register is left up to the student.
* Your (masc) friends are my (masc) friends
* I (fem) am doing this for you (masc)
* He wants to go to the park with her
* She (non-present) teaches you (neut) calculus
* Don’t think about it [subj=you, neut]